Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles. The ancestors of today's American Indigenous peoples … Spanish rule in the Americas ended in 1898 when they lost their final colonies to the United States following the Spanish-American War. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader José Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. Latin American Cultural History is a course designed to introduce some of Latin America's most prevalent themes that express everyday life, common customs, major festivals, and national expressions of pleasure and mourning. After hundreds of years of proven service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a recently conquered nation. By 1810, however, the trend was clear. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. They were closely related to one another in biological terms, and their languages, though they cannot be shown to have a common origin, tend to share many general features. The region consists, with just one exception, of those parts of the American continent colonized by the Spanish. Latin America has traditionally been home to dictators: charismatic men who have seized almost complete control over their nations and held it for years, even decades.Some have been fairly benign, some cruel and violent, and others merely peculiar. World war and world trade Few Latin Americans felt strong emotional identification with either of the contending alliances in World War I (1914–18), except for the immigrant communities in southern South America and the ranks of generally Francophile liberal intellectuals. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. More troubling still were the bitter rivalries emerging between Buenos Aires and other provinces. By the first millennium CE, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present examines the diverse and interlocking experiences of people of indigenous, African, and European backgrounds from the onset of independence until today.. Across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (“Eastern State,” later Uruguay). Distinct interests and long-standing resentment of the viceregal capital led different regions in the south to pursue separate destinies. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ege & Makhijani. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. In cities throughout the region, Creole frustrations increasingly found expression in ideas derived from the Enlightenment. From Columbus to Frida Kahlo, learn about the conquistadors, artists, revolutionaries, and everyday people who shaped the vast region known as Latin America. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late colonial era. Unparalleled in scope, attentive to the paradoxes of Latin American reality, and known for its fine-grained interpretation, it is now available for the first time in English. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. In 1928 Herbert Hoover makes a goodwill visit to Latin America. At stake was not only political autonomy per se but also economic interest; the Creole merchants of Buenos Aires, who initially sought the liberalization of colonial restraints on commerce in the region, subsequently tried to maintain their economic dominance over the interior. By 1825, Mexico, Central America, and South America were free, soon to be followed by Brazil. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. But the exception is too large to overlook - mighty Brazil, belonging in colonial Grossman, Zoltan. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Slavery in Latin America began in the precolonial period, when indigenous civilizations including the Maya and Aztec enslaved captives taken in war. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simón Bolívar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent free trade to the Americans and obstinately refused to grant any degree of meaningful autonomy to the overseas dominions. This region deserves to be defined on its own terms, beyond dismissive stereotypes, rather than being known simply as the less-well known neighbour of the USA. Of Spain's two remaining colonies, Cuba gained its independence in 1898, at which time Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War. Latin American music, musical traditions of Mexico, Central America, and the portions of South America and the Caribbean colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese. Updates? Since the Spanish and Portuguese element looms so large in the history of the region, it is sometimes proposed that Iberoamerica would be a better term than Latin America. Two other European developments further dashed the hopes of Creoles, pushing them more decisively toward independence. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. 10 Black in Latin America by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. From the south proceeded another powerful force, this one directed by the more circumspect José de San Martín. Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cádiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires’ military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. They had no word meaning “inhabitant of the Western Hemisphere,” and most of them seem not to have adopted any equivalent even after centuries of contact. Now available in a fully-revised and updated second edition, A History of Modern Latin America offers a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the rich cultural and political history of this vibrant region from the onset of independence to the present day. "This history of Latin America will delight any reader. For a quarter of a century, Tulio Halperín Donghi's Historia Contemporánea de América Latina has been the most influential and widely read general history of Latin America in the Spanish-speaking world. He was a leading scholar in the field of Latin American history, particularly the colonial period in Mexico. For discussion of major cities of Latin America and their histories, see specific articles by name—e.g., Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Mexico City. Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. The America of the Latins: The term Latin America, first used in the 19th century, is something of a compromise. Bakewell, Peter. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. CRS Report for Congress, 2002. The year 1814 saw the restoration of Ferdinand to the throne and with it the energetic attempt to reestablish Spanish imperial power in the Americas. … Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. For additional information about the European exploration and colonization of Latin America, see colonialism. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. 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